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How Long Is Harvard Law School

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Individual university in Cambridge, Massachusetts

Harvard University
Harvard shield wreath.svg

Glaze of arms
Latin: Universitas Harvardiana

Former names

 Harvard College
Motto Veritas (Latin)[1]

Motto in English

 Truth
Type Private research academy
Established 1636; 386 years ago  (1636) [two]
Founder Massachusetts General Court
Accreditation NECHE

Academic affiliations

 NAICU
AICUM
AAU
URA
Infinite-grant
Endowment $53.two billion (2021)[3]
President Lawrence Bacow
Provost Alan Garber

Academic staff

 ~2,400 faculty members (and >x,400 bookish appointments in affiliated education hospitals)[4]
Students 19,218 (Autumn 2020)[5]
Undergraduates 5,222 (Fall 2020)[5]
Postgraduates 13,996 (Fall 2020)[five]
Location

Cambridge, Massachusetts

,

U.South.


42°22′28″Due north 71°07′01″W  /  42.37444°N 71.11694°Due west  / 42.37444; -71.11694 Coordinates: 42°22′28″N 71°07′01″Westward  /  42.37444°Northward 71.11694°W  / 42.37444; -71.11694
Campus Urban, 209 acres (85 ha)
Linguistic communication Mostly English language
Newspaper The Harvard Crimson
Colors Carmine[iv]
Nickname Harvard Red

Sporting affiliations

 NCAA Division I – Ivy League
Mascot John Harvard
Website www.harvard.edu
Logotype of Harvard University

Harvard University is a individual Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, information technology is the oldest institution of higher learning in the Usa and among the most prestigious in the world.[6]

The Massachusetts colonial legislature authorized Harvard's founding, "dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches, when our present ministers shall lie in the dust"; though never formally affiliated with any denomination, in its early years Harvard College primarily trained Congregational clergy. Its curriculum and educatee torso were gradually secularized during the 18th century, and past the 19th century, it had emerged as the central cultural establishment among the Boston aristocracy.[seven] [eight] Post-obit the American Civil War, President Charles William Eliot'southward long tenure (1869–1909) transformed the higher and affiliated professional schools into a modernistic research academy; Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900.[ix] James B. Conant led the university through the Great Low and Earth State of war II, and liberalized admissions subsequently the war.

The academy is equanimous of x academic faculties plus the Radcliffe Constitute for Avant-garde Written report. Arts and Sciences offers study in a broad range of bookish disciplines for undergraduates and for graduates, while the other faculties offer only graduate degrees, generally professional person. Harvard has three main campuses:[10] the 209-acre (85 ha) Cambridge campus centered on Harvard Thou; an adjoining campus immediately across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston; and the medical campus in Boston'due south Longwood Medical Expanse.[11] Harvard's endowment is valued at $53.2 billion, making information technology the largest of any academic institution.[three] Endowment income helps enable the undergraduate college to admit students regardless of fiscal need and provide generous fiscal assistance with no loans.[12] The Harvard Library is the globe's largest academic library arrangement, comprising 79 individual libraries holding virtually twenty.4 million items.[13] [fourteen] [15] [16]

Harvard alumni, faculty, and researchers accept included numerous Nobel laureates and Fields Medal recipients, and more alumni have been members of the U.S. Congress, MacArthur Fellows, Rhodes Scholars (375), Marshall Scholars (255), and Fulbright Scholars than any other university in the United States.[17] Its alumni include eight U.Southward. presidents and 188 living billionaires, the most of any academy. Xiv Turing Award laureates have been Harvard affiliates. Students and alumni have won 10 Academy Awards, 48 Pulitzer Prizes, and 110 Olympic medals (46 gilt), and they take founded many notable companies.

History

Colonial

The seal of the Harvard Corporation, constitute on Harvard diplomas. Christo et Ecclesiae ("For Christ and Church") is one of Harvard's several early on mottoes.[xviii]

Harvard was established in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, it caused British Northward America's kickoff known printing printing.[19] [twenty] In 1639, it was named Harvard Higher after deceased clergyman John Harvard, an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who had left the school £779 and his library of some 400 volumes.[21] The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650.

A 1643 publication gave the schoolhouse's purpose every bit "to advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall prevarication in the grit."[22] It trained many Puritan ministers in its early years[23] and offered a classic curriculum based on the English university model‍—‌many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge‍—‌but conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. Harvard has never affiliated with whatever item denomination, though many of its primeval graduates went on to become clergymen in Puritan churches.[24]

Increase Mather served equally president from 1681 to 1701. In 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not besides a chaplain, marking a turning of the college away from Puritanism and toward intellectual independence.[25]

19th century

In the 19th century, Enlightenment ideas of reason and gratis will were widespread among Congregational ministers, putting those ministers and their congregations in tension with more traditionalist, Calvinist parties.[26] : ane–4 When Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and President Joseph Willard died a twelvemonth later, a struggle broke out over their replacements. Henry Ware was elected to the Hollis chair in 1805, and the liberal Samuel Webber was appointed to the presidency 2 years subsequently, signaling the shift from the dominance of traditional ideas at Harvard to the dominance of liberal, Arminian ideas.[26] : 4–5 [27] : 24

Charles William Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the favored position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. Though Eliot was the crucial effigy in the secularization of American higher pedagogy, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education merely by Transcendentalist Unitarian convictions influenced past William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson.[28]

Programs in the report of French and Spanish languages began in 1816 with George Ticknor equally its first professor.

20th century

Richard Rummell's 1906 watercolor landscape view, facing northeast.[29]

In the 20th century, Harvard'south reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the academy'southward telescopic. Rapid enrollment growth connected equally new graduate schools were begun and the undergraduate college expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 every bit the female person analogue of Harvard College, became one of the nigh prominent schools for women in the Us. Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900.[ix]

The pupil body in the early decades of the century was predominantly "old-stock, high-condition Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, and Presbyterians." A 1923 proposal by President A. Lawrence Lowell that Jews be express to 15% of undergraduates was rejected, but Lowell did ban blacks from freshman dormitories.[xxx] [31] [32] [33]

President James B. Conant reinvigorated creative scholarship to guarantee Harvard'due south preeminence amidst enquiry institutions. He saw college education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy, so Conant devised programs to identify, recruit, and back up talented youth. In 1943, he asked the kinesthesia to make a definitive statement about what general education ought to be, at the secondary also equally at the college level. The resulting Study, published in 1945, was 1 of the nearly influential manifestos in 20th century American instruction.[34]

Between 1945 and 1960, admissions were opened upwardly to bring in a more than diverse group of students. No longer drawing mostly from select New England prep schools, the undergraduate college became accessible to striving middle class students from public schools; many more Jews and Catholics were admitted, but few blacks, Hispanics, or Asians.[35] Throughout the residue of the 20th century, Harvard became more than various.[36]

Harvard's graduate schools began admitting women in small numbers in the belatedly 19th century. During World War II, students at Radcliffe College (which since 1879 had been paying Harvard professors to repeat their lectures for women) began attending Harvard classes aslope men.[37] Women were first admitted to the medical schoolhouse in 1945.[38] Since 1971, Harvard has controlled substantially all aspects of undergraduate admission, instruction, and housing for Radcliffe women. In 1999, Radcliffe was formally merged into Harvard.[39]

21st century

Drew Gilpin Faust, previously the dean of the Radcliffe Constitute for Avant-garde Study, became Harvard's first female president on July 1, 2007.[twoscore] She was succeeded by Lawrence Bacow on July one, 2018.[41]

Campuses

Cambridge

Harvard'due south 209-acre (85 ha) master campus is centered on Harvard Chiliad ("the Yard") in Cambridge, about 3 miles (five km) due west-northwest of downtown Boston, and extends into the surrounding Harvard Square neighborhood. The Thou contains authoritative offices such as University Hall and Massachusetts Hall; libraries such every bit Widener, Pusey, Houghton, and Lamont; and Memorial Church.

The Yard and adjacent areas include the principal bookish buildings of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, including the college, such as Sever Hall and Harvard Hall.

Freshman dormitories are in, or adjacent to, the K. Upperclassmen live in the twelve residential houses – nine south of the Yard near the Charles River, the others one-half a mile northwest of the One thousand at the Radcliffe Quadrangle (which formerly housed Radcliffe College students). Each firm is a community of undergraduates, faculty deans, and resident tutors, with its ain dining hall, library, and recreational facilities.[42]

Also in Cambridge are the Law, Divinity (theology), Engineering science and Applied science, Design (architecture), Pedagogy, Kennedy (public policy), and Extension schools, every bit well every bit the Radcliffe Establish for Advanced Report in Radcliffe M.[43] Harvard besides has commercial existent manor holdings in Cambridge.[44] [45]

Allston

Harvard Business School, Harvard Innovation Labs, and many athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located on a 358-acre (145 ha) campus in Allston,[46] a Boston neighborhood just beyond the Charles River from the Cambridge campus. The John Westward. Weeks Bridge, a pedestrian bridge over the Charles River, connects the ii campuses.

The university is actively expanding into Allston, where it at present owns more land than in Cambridge.[47] Plans include new construction and renovation for the Business organization School, a hotel and conference centre, graduate student housing, Harvard Stadium, and other athletics facilities.[48]

In 2021, the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences volition aggrandize into a new, 500,000+ square foot Science and Engineering Complex (SEC) in Allston.[49] The SEC will be adjacent to the Enterprise Research Campus, the Business Schoolhouse, and the Harvard Innovation Labs to encourage technology- and life scientific discipline-focused startups as well every bit collaborations with mature companies.[50]

Longwood

The schools of Medicine, Dental Medicine, and Public Health are located on a 21-acre (viii.five ha) campus in the Longwood Medical and Academic Surface area in Boston, about 3.3 miles (5.three km) south of the Cambridge campus.[11] Several Harvard-affiliated hospitals and research institutes are also in Longwood, including Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana–Farber Cancer Plant, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Wyss Plant for Biologically Inspired Engineering. Boosted affiliates, near notably Massachusetts General Hospital, are located throughout the Greater Boston area.

Other

Harvard owns the Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection in Washington, D.C., the Harvard Forest in Petersham, Massachusetts, the Concord Field Station in Estabrook Woods in Hold, Massachusetts,[51] the Villa I Tatti inquiry center in Florence, Italy,[52] the Harvard Shanghai Center in Shanghai, China,[53] and the Arnold Arboretum in the Jamaica Manifestly neighborhood of Boston.

Organization and administration

Governance

School Founded
Harvard College 1636
Medicine 1782
Divinity 1816
Law 1817
Dental Medicine 1867
Arts and Sciences 1872
Concern 1908
Extension 1910
Design 1914
Educational activity 1920
Public Health 1922
Regime 1936
Engineering and Applied Sciences 2007

Harvard is governed by a combination of its Board of Overseers and the President and Fellows of Harvard College (also known every bit the Harvard Corporation), which in turn appoints the President of Harvard Academy.[54] There are xvi,000 staff and faculty,[55] including ii,400 professors, lecturers, and instructors.[56]

The Faculty of Arts and Sciences is the largest Harvard kinesthesia and has primary responsibility for instruction in Harvard Higher, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the John A. Paulson Schoolhouse of Technology and Applied Sciences (SEAS), and the Segmentation of Continuing Education, which includes Harvard Summer School and Harvard Extension School. There are ix other graduate and professional faculties as well as the Radcliffe Institute for Avant-garde Study.

Joint programs with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology include the Harvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Applied science, the Broad Institute, The Observatory of Economic Complication, and edX.

Endowment

Harvard has the largest university endowment in the world, valued at about $41.9 billion every bit of 2020.[3] During the recession of 2007–2009, information technology suffered significant losses that forced large budget cuts, in detail temporarily halting construction on the Allston Science Complex.[57] The endowment has since recovered.[58] [59] [60] [61] [62]

About $two billion of investment income is annually distributed to fund operations.[63] Harvard's ability to fund its degree and financial assist programs depends on the operation of its endowment; a poor performance in financial year 2016 forced a 4.iv% cut in the number of graduate students funded past the Faculty of Arts and Sciences.[64] Endowment income is critical, as only 22% of revenue is from students' tuition, fees, room, and board.[65]

Divestment

Since the 1970s, several educatee-led campaigns have advocated divesting Harvard'southward endowment from controversial holdings, including investments in apartheid South Africa, Sudan during the Darfur genocide, and the tobacco, fossil fuel, and private prison industries.[66] [67]

In the late 1980s, during the divestment from South Africa movement, educatee activists erected a symbolic "shantytown" on Harvard Chiliad and blockaded a speech communication by South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown.[68] [69] The academy somewhen reduced its South African holdings past $230 million (out of $400 million) in response to the pressure.[68] [70]

Academics

Teaching and learning

Harvard is a large, highly residential enquiry university[72] offering fifty undergraduate majors,[73] 134 graduate degrees,[74] and 32 professional degrees.[75] For the 2018–2019 bookish year, Harvard granted one,665 baccalaureate degrees, 1,013 graduate degrees, and 5,695 professional person degrees.[75]

The 4-year, full-time undergraduate program has a liberal arts and sciences focus.[72] [73] To graduate in the usual four years, undergraduates commonly take four courses per semester.[76] In most majors, an honors degree requires advanced coursework and a senior thesis.[77] Though some introductory courses have big enrollments, the median form size is 12 students.[78]

Inquiry

Harvard is a founding member of the Clan of American Universities[79] and a preeminent inquiry university with "very loftier" research activeness (R1) and comprehensive doctoral programs across the arts, sciences, engineering, and medicine co-ordinate to the Carnegie Classification.[72]

With the medical schoolhouse consistently ranking first amid medical schools for research,[80] biomedical research is an area of item strength for the academy. More than eleven,000 faculty and over 1,600 graduate students conduct research at the medical school as well equally its fifteen affiliated hospitals and enquiry institutes.[81] The medical school and its affiliates attracted $1.65 billion in competitive research grants from the National Institutes of Health in 2019, more than twice every bit much as any other academy.[82]

Libraries and museums

The Harvard Library system is centered in Widener Library in Harvard M and comprises nearly lxxx individual libraries holding nearly 20.4 one thousand thousand items.[thirteen] [14] [16] According to the American Library Association, this makes it the largest academic library in the world.[fourteen] [iv]

Houghton Library, the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, and the Harvard University Archives consist principally of rare and unique materials. America'southward oldest drove of maps, gazetteers, and atlases both old and new is stored in Pusey Library and open up to the public. The largest drove of East-Asian language material exterior of E Asia is held in the Harvard-Yenching Library.

Henry Moore's sculpture Large Four Piece Reclining Figure, nigh Lamont Library

The Harvard Art Museums comprise iii museums. The Arthur M. Sackler Museum covers Asian, Mediterranean, and Islamic fine art, the Busch–Reisinger Museum (formerly the Germanic Museum) covers key and northern European fine art, and the Fogg Museum covers Western art from the Center Ages to the present emphasizing Italian early Renaissance, British pre-Raphaelite, and 19th-century French art. The Harvard Museum of Natural History includes the Harvard Mineralogical Museum, the Harvard University Herbaria featuring the Blaschka Glass Flowers exhibit, and the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Other museums include the Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, designed by Le Corbusier and housing the film archive, the Peabody Museum of Archæology and Ethnology, specializing in the cultural history and civilizations of the Western Hemisphere, and the Harvard Museum of the Aboriginal Near East featuring artifacts from excavations in the Eye Due east.

Reputation and rankings

Bookish rankings
National
ARWU [83] 1
Forbes [84] 7
THE/WSJ [85] 1
U.S. News & Globe Report [86] 2
Washington Monthly [87] 5
Global
ARWU [88] 1
QS [89] v
THE [90] two
U.S. News & Earth Study [91] i

Amidst overall rankings, the Bookish Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) has ranked Harvard as the globe's meridian university every year since information technology was released.[94] When QS and Times College Instruction collaborated to publish the Times College Pedagogy–QS World Academy Rankings from 2004 to 2009, Harvard held the acme spot every yr and continued to agree first place on THE World Reputation Rankings ever since it was released in 2011.[95] In 2019, it was ranked first worldwide past SCImago Institutions Rankings.[96] Information technology was ranked in the first tier of American research universities, along with Columbia, MIT, and Stanford, in the 2019 report from the Center for Measuring University Functioning.[97] Harvard University is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.[98]

Among rankings of specific indicators, Harvard topped both the University Ranking by Academic Performance (2019–2020) and Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of Globe Universities (2011), which measured universities' numbers of alumni belongings CEO positions in Fortune Global 500 companies.[99] According to almanac polls done by The Princeton Review, Harvard is consistently among the top two most normally named "dream colleges" in the United states, both for students and parents.[100] [101] [102] Additionally, having made significant investments in its engineering schoolhouse in recent years, Harvard was ranked tertiary worldwide for Engineering and Technology in 2019 by Times Higher Education.[103]

School rankings

School Founded Enrollment U.S. News & World Report
Harvard College 1636 six,755 2[104]
Medicine 1782 660 1[105]
Divinity 1816 377 N/A
Law 1817 1,990 iii[106]
Dental Medicine 1867 280 Northward/A
Arts and Sciences 1872 4,824 N/A
Business 1908 ii,011 5[107]
Extension 1910 3,428 North/A
Design 1914 878 N/A
Education 1920 876 one[108]
Public Health 1922 one,412 three[109]
Regime 1936 1,100 1[110]
Applied science 2007 one,750 21[111]

Student life

Pupil demographics (Fall 2019) [112]
Undergrad Grad/prof
Asian 21% xiii%
Black 9% 5%
Hispanic or Latino 11% 7%
White 37% 38%
Ii or more than races 8% 3%
International 12% 32%

Student life and activities are generally organized within each school.

Student government

The Undergraduate Council represents College students. The Graduate Council represents students at all twelve graduate and professional person schools, nearly of which too have their own student authorities.[113]

Athletics

Both the undergraduate College and the graduate schools have intramural sports programs.

Harvard College fields 42 intercollegiate sports teams in the NCAA Partition I Ivy League, more than than any other college in the country.[114] Every ii years, the Harvard and Yale track and field teams come together to compete confronting a combined Oxford and Cambridge squad in the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the globe.[115] As with other Ivy League universities, Harvard does not offer athletic scholarships.[116] The schoolhouse color is crimson.

Harvard's athletic rivalry with Yale is intense in every sport in which they meet, coming to a climax each fall in the annual football meeting, which dates back to 1875.[117]

Notable people

Alumni

Over more three and a half centuries, Harvard alumni take contributed creatively and significantly to social club, the arts and sciences, business, and national and international affairs. Harvard'south alumni include eight U.S. presidents, 188 living billionaires, 79 Nobel laureates, 7 Fields Medal winners, nine Turing Award laureates, 369 Rhodes Scholars, 252 Marshall Scholars, and 13 Mitchell Scholars.[118] [119] [120] [121] Harvard students and alumni accept won 10 University Awards, 48 Pulitzer Prizes, and 108 Olympic medals (including 46 gold medals), and they take founded many notable companies worldwide.[122] [123]

  • Notable Harvard alumni include:

  • 2nd President of the United States John Adams (AB, 1755; AM, 1758)[124]

  • 26th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Theodore Roosevelt (AB, 1880)[128]

  • Writer, political activist, and lecturer Helen Keller (AB, 1904, Radcliffe College)

  • Poet and Nobel laureate in literature T. Due south. Eliot (AB, 1909; AM, 1910)

  • Economist and Nobel laureate in economic science Paul Samuelson (AM, 1936; PhD, 1941)

  • 7th President of Ireland and Un High Commissioner for Human Rights Mary Robinson (LLM, 1968)

  • 45th Vice President of the Usa and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Al Gore (AB, 1969)

  • 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto (AB, 1973, Radcliffe College)

  • 14th Chair of the Federal Reserve Ben Bernanke (AB, 1975; AM, 1975)

  • 17th Chief Justice of the United States John Roberts (AB, 1976; JD, 1979)

  • Founder of Microsoft and philanthropist Bill Gates (Higher, 1977;[a 1] LLD hc, 2007)

  • eighth Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon (MPA, 1984)

  • Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the U.s. Elena Kagan (JD, 1986)

  • 44th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Barack Obama (JD, 1991)[134] [135]

  1. ^ Nominal Harvard College class yr: did non graduate

Faculty

  • Notable present and by Harvard faculty include:

Literature and popular culture

The perception of Harvard every bit a center of either elite achievement, or elitist privilege, has fabricated it a frequent literary and cinematic properties. "In the grammer of motion-picture show, Harvard has come to mean both tradition, and a certain amount of stuffiness," film critic Paul Sherman has said.[136]

Literature

  • The Audio and the Fury (1929) and Absalom, Absalom! (1936) by William Faulkner both describe Harvard student life.[ non-master source needed ]
  • Of Fourth dimension and the River (1935) past Thomas Wolfe is a fictionalized autobiography that includes his change ego'south time at Harvard.[ non-primary source needed ]
  • The Late George Apley (1937) by John P. Marquand parodies Harvard men at the opening of the 20th century;[ non-primary source needed ] it won the Pulitzer Prize.
  • The 2d Happiest Day (1953) by John P. Marquand Jr. portrays the Harvard of the World War II generation.[137] [138] [139] [140] [141]

Film

Harvard'south policy since 1970 (later the damage caused by Love Story) has been to allow filming on its property only rarely, then most scenes set at Harvard (especially indoor shots, simply excepting aerial footage and shots of public areas such as Harvard Square) are in fact shot elsewhere.[142] [143]

  • Honey Story (1970) concerns a romance between a wealthy Harvard hockey role player (Ryan O'Neal) and a vivid Radcliffe student of small means (Ali MacGraw): it is screened annually for incoming freshmen.[144] [145] [146]
  • The Paper Chase (1973)[147]
  • A Pocket-sized Circle of Friends (1980)[142]

See also

  • 2012 Harvard cheating scandal
  • Academic regalia of Harvard University
  • Gore Hall
  • Harvard College social clubs
  • Harvard University Police Section
  • Harvard Academy Press
  • Harvard/MIT Cooperative Lodge
  • I, Too, Am Harvard
  • Listing of oldest universities in continuous operation
  • List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Harvard University
  • Outline of Harvard University
  • Cloak-and-dagger Court of 1920

References

  1. ^ Samuel Eliot Morison (1968). The Founding of Harvard Higher. Harvard Academy Press. p. 329. ISBN978-0-674-31450-4. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved Oct 17, 2020.
  2. ^ An appropriation of £400 toward a "school or college" was voted on October 28, 1636 (OS), at a meeting which convened on September viii and was adjourned to Oct 28. Some sources consider October 28, 1636 (OS) (November 7, 1636 NS) to exist the date of founding. Harvard's 1936 tercentenary celebration treated September 18 as the founding date, though 1836 bicentennial was historic on September 8, 1836. Sources: meeting dates, Quincy, Josiah (1860). History of Harvard University. 117 Washington Street, Boston: Crosby, Nichols, Lee and Co. ISBN9780405100161. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link), p. 586 Archived September six, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, "At a Court holden September 8th, 1636 and continued by adjournment to the 28th of the 8th month (Oct, 1636)... the Court agreed to give £400 towards a School or College, whereof £200 to be paid next year...." Tercentenary dates: "Cambridge Birthday". Time. September 28, 1936. Archived from the original on Dec 5, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2006. : "Harvard claims birth on the day the Massachusetts Bang-up and Full general Court convened to authorize its founding. This was Sept. viii, 1637 nether the Julian calendar. Assuasive for the 10-day advance of the Gregorian calendar, Tercentenary officials arrived at Sept. eighteen as the date for the 3rd and final large Day of the commemoration;" "on Oct. 28, 1636 ... £400 for that 'school or higher' [was voted by] the Keen and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony." Bicentennial date: Marvin Hightower (September 2, 2003). "Harvard Gazette: This Month in Harvard History". Harvard University. Archived from the original on September 8, 2006. Retrieved September 15, 2006. , "Sept. viii, 1836 – Some 1,100 to ane,300 alumni flock to Harvard'south Bicentennial, at which a professional choir premieres "Fair Harvard." ... guest speaker Josiah Quincy Jr., Class of 1821, makes a motion, unanimously adopted, 'that this assembly of the Alumni exist adjourned to encounter at this identify on September viii, 1936.'" Tercentary opening of Quincy'southward sealed package: The New York Times, September 9, 1936, p. 24, "Bundle Sealed in 1836 Opened at Harvard. It Held Letters Written at Bicentenary": "September eighth, 1936: Equally the first formal office in the commemoration of Harvard'southward tercentenary, the Harvard Alumni Clan witnessed the opening by President Conant of the 'mysterious' package sealed by President Josiah Quincy at the Harvard bicentennial in 1836."
  3. ^ a b c Ma, Virginia. "Harvard'southward Endowment Soars to $53.2 Billion, Reports 33.6% Returns". The Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on Oct 14, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
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  6. ^ *Keller, Morton; Keller, Phyllis (2001). Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University . Oxford Academy Press. pp. 463–481. ISBN0-19-514457-0. Harvard's professional schools... won world prestige of a sort rarely seen amongst social institutions. [...] Harvard's age, wealth, quality, and prestige may well shield information technology from any conceivable vicissitudes.
    • Spaulding, Christina (1989). "Sexual Shakedown". In Trumpbour, John (ed.). How Harvard Rules: Reason in the Service of Empire. Due south End Printing. pp. 326–336. ISBN0-89608-284-nine. ... [Harvard's] tremendous institutional ability and prestige [...] Within the nation's (arguably) virtually prestigious institution of higher learning ...
    • David Altaner (March 9, 2011). "Harvard, MIT Ranked Most Prestigious Universities, Study Reports". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on March 14, 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2012.
    • Collier'due south Encyclopedia. Macmillan Educational Co. 1986. Harvard University, i of the world'south most prestigious institutions of higher learning, was founded in Massachusetts in 1636.
    • Newport, Frank (August 26, 2003). "Harvard Number One Academy in Eyes of Public Stanford and Yale in second place". Gallup. Archived from the original on September 25, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
    • Leonhardt, David (September 17, 2006). "Catastrophe Early on Admissions: Guess Who Wins?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020. The nearly prestigious college in the earth, of form, is Harvard, and the gap between it and every other academy is often underestimated.
    • Hoerr, John (1997). We Can't Eat Prestige: The Women Who Organized Harvard . Temple University Printing. p. 3. ISBN9781566395359.
    • Wong, Alia (September 11, 2018). "At Private Colleges, Students Pay for Prestige". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved May 17, 2020. Americans tend to remember of colleges as falling somewhere on a vast bureaucracy based largely on their status and brand recognition. At the top are the Harvards and the Stanfords, with their historic faculty, groundbreaking inquiry, and perfectly manicured quads.
  7. ^ Story, Ronald (1975). "Harvard and the Boston Brahmins: A Study in Institutional and Class Development, 1800–1865". Journal of Social History. 8 (3): 94–121. doi:ten.1353/jsh/8.3.94.
  8. ^ Farrell, Betty One thousand. (1993). Elite Families: Grade and Power in Nineteenth-Century Boston. State Academy of New York Press. ISBN0-7914-1593-7.
  9. ^ a b "Member Institutions and years of Admission". Clan of American Universities. Archived from the original on August 10, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
  10. ^ "Faculties and Centrolineal Institutions" (PDF). Part of the Provost, Harvard University. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 11, 2010. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
  11. ^ a b "Faculties and Centrolineal Institutions" (PDF). Office of the Provost, Harvard University. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 23, 2013. Retrieved June fifteen, 2013.
  12. ^ Kurt, Daniel. "What Harvard Actually Costs". Investopedia. Archived from the original on June 27, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  13. ^ a b "Harvard Library Annual Report FY 2013". Harvard University Library. 2013. Archived from the original on June 9, 2016. Retrieved January iii, 2015.
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External links

  • Official website Edit this at Wikidata
  • Harvard University at College Navigator, a tool from the National Heart for Pedagogy Statistics

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University

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